I think Baidu, Qwant, Mojeek & Brave all use fully independent indices, but there are likely more. This is excliding eg. Kagi who use a combination of their own and other indices.
I actually thought Brave still used Bing, but Mojeek was what I was trying to think of. I’m sure there are a ton more, but those 4 seem like the biggest players most metasearch engines like to use.
I think Baidu, Qwant, Mojeek & Brave all use fully independent indices, but there are likely more. This is excliding eg. Kagi who use a combination of their own and other indices.
I actually thought Brave still used Bing, but Mojeek was what I was trying to think of. I’m sure there are a ton more, but those 4 seem like the biggest players most metasearch engines like to use.